Pigovian tax & Discount house

Pigouvian tax:  It is a tax levied on any market activities that generates negative externalities. This tax objective is to correct an inefficient market outcome. Example: Impose more tax on gold imports  

Discount house: Money dealer that participate in the buying and discounting (Selling) of bills of exchange and other financial products such as money market instruments, government bonds. 

Book Building

IPOs are offered at prices as detailed by their underwriters. Book building is the process through which an underwriter comes up with the price for the IPO being publicly offered. The underwriter of the IPO is normally an investment bank and this party determines the price by inviting institutional investors like fund managers to submit their respective bids for the price they would be willing to pay for a certain number of shares.

Hence book building is the means by which an underwriter can determine the overall price at which a company’s IPO will be publicly offered. To discover this price, the book-building process involves generating and keeping a record of investor demand for these shares before the underwriter arrives at their issuance price 

Pecking Order Theory

 

The pecking order theory states that companies prioritize their sources of financing (from internal financing to equity) and consider equity financing as a last resort. Internal funds are used first, and when they are depleted, debt is issued.

Instruments used under Money market

 

§  Treasury bills: Treasury bills are instrument of short-term borrowing by the Government of India, issued as promissory notes under discount. The interest received on them is the discount, which is the difference between the price at which they are issued and their redemption value.

§  Money at call short notice: It includes funds borrow to discount houses, money brokers, the stock exchange, bullion brokers, corporate customers, and increasingly to other banks. 'At call ‘money is repayable on demand, whereas 'short notice' money implies that notice of repayment of up to 14 days will be given.

§  Commercial bill: A Commercial Bill arises out of a genuine trade transaction. A bill of exchange is an important commercial bill which is drawn by the seller on the buyer for the amount due to him. The maturity period of bill may vary from three to six months.

§  Commercial Paper: Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured money market instrument issued in the form of a promissory note. It was introduced in India in 1990 with a view to enabling highly rated corporate borrowers to diversify their sources of short-term borrowings and to provide an additional instrument to investors.

§  Certificate of Deposits: A Certificate of Deposit in India are issued by all scheduled commercial banks excluding (Regional Rural Banks and Local Area Banks) and all India Financial Institutions permitted by RBI. A commercial bank can issue Certificate of Deposit as per their requirements.

§  Interbank participation certificate: Participation certificates are also a new form of credit instrument whereby banks can raise funds from other banks and other central bank approved financial institutions to ease liquidity. In this case banks have the option to share their credit asset(s) with other banks by issuing participation certificates.

§  Repo Instruments: Repo is short for repurchase agreement. Those who deal in government securities use repos as a form of overnight borrowing. A dealer or other holder of government securities (usually T-bills) sells the securities to a lender and agrees to repurchase them at an agreed future date at an agreed price.

§  Gilt-Edged securities: The gilt -edged market refers to the market for Government and semi-government securities, backed by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Government securities are tradable debt instruments issued by the government authorities for meeting its financial requirements. The term gilt-edged means 'of the best quality'

§  Bills rediscounting: Rediscount is the act of discounting a short-term negotiable debt instrument for a second time. Banks may rediscount these short-term debt securities to assist the movement of a market that has a high demand for loans.

§  Money market mutual funds: A money market fund is a mutual fund open-ended scheme that invests solely in cash/cash equivalent securities with less than one year maturity, which are also often referred to as money market instruments. These investments are short-term very liquid investments with high credit rating.

§  Call money: Call money is minimum 5% short-term finance repayable on demand, with a maturity period of one to fourteen days or overnight to fortnight. It is used for inter-bank transactions. The money that is borrow for one day in this market is known as "call money" and, if it exceeds one day, is referred to as "notice money."

§  Inter Corporate Deposits:  An Inter-Corporate Deposit (ICD) is an unsecured borrowing by corporate and FIs from other corporate entities registered under the Companies Act 1956. The corporate having surplus funds would lend to another corporate in need of funds.

Contingent Liabilities

Liabilities that may be incurred by an entity depending on the outcome of a uncertain future events such as court case, income tax disputes, sales tax disputes etc.. These liabilities are not recorded in company accounts and shown in the balance sheet.   

Evolution of Management Education

Management Education in India formally began in 1953 at the Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management (IISWBM). The first B.School established by Government of West Bengal and Kolkatta Unibersity. However, a few institutions like Tata Institute of Social Sciences (1936) and Xavier Labour Research Institute (1949) had already started training programmes for managers in personnel function well before launch of first MBA programme at IISWBM. 

Swadeshi Products List with different brands of each Product

                    

Swadeshi toothpaste brands	Neem, Babool, Vicco vajradanti, Emami, Dant Kanti, Dabur red, Baidyanath, Choice, Meswak, Eagle, Anchor, Promise, MDH, Babul, Ajay, Ajanta, Classic, Dant Manjan, Herbodent
Swadeshi Toothbrush brands	Promise, Ajay, Royal, Classic, Ajanta, Monet, Dr. Strock, Patanjali
Swadeshi Tea and Coffee brands	Tata, Society, Himdhi, Leo coffee, Indian cafe, Divya Peya (Patanjali ), Shangrila, Vita, Nutrine, Duncan, Brahmaputra, Tej, Assam, Champion, Tate cafe, AVT tea, Wagh bakri, Madhu, Vereka, Mahan, Narasus
Swadeshi ice cream brands	Milk food, Parle, Nutramul, Safal, Bakeman, Mother Dairy, Vadilal, Asian, homemade ice cream/kulfi, Nirula, Arun ice cream, Amul, Himalaya, Classic
Swadeshi shampoo brands	Himalaya, Nikhar, Godrej, Nirma, Hair and Care, Kesh Kanti, Velvet, Nycil, Wipro, Arnica, Park avenue, Dabur, Vatika, Swastik, Mayur herbal, Bajaj, Nile, Lavender, Kesh Nikhar
Swadeshi mobile connection brands	Idea, Reliance, Airtel, Tata, BSNL, MTNL
Swadeshi mobile and PC brands	Videocon, Amar PC, Wipro, Orpat, Chirag, HCL, Onida, T Series, Micromax, Spice
Swadeshi Motorbike brands	TVS, Enfield, Hero, Bajaj
Swadeshi Readymade Garment brands	Cambridge, Peter England, Lux, Kolkata, Park Avenue, Mafatlal, Amul, Ludhiana, Oxemberg, Trend, VIP, Bombay Dyeing, Double bull, Raymond, Newport, Altimo, Ruf and Tuf, Zodiac, Flying machine, Don, Trigger Jeans, Prolin, Dukes, TT, Prolin
Swadeshi Watch brands	Titan, Prestige, Ajanta, HMT, Maxima, Fast track, Chumbak, Roadster, Fressberry, Sonata
Swadeshi Biscuit brands	Parle, Cremica, Patanjali, Amla candy, Bel candy, Aarogya biscuit, Tiger, Amul, Indiana, Sunfeast, Ravalgaon, Britannia, Priya gold, Bakemens, Anmol, Shangrila, Unibic
Swadeshi Snacks brands	Bikano, Maakhan bhog, Haldiram, Bikanervala, Parle, Kaleva, Kipps, Anamika
Swadeshi Tonic brands	Nutramul, Chyavan Prash, Patanjali, Maltova, Badaam Pak, Amrit Rasayan
Swadeshi Washing Powder brands	Tata shudh, Wheel, Chamko, Nima, Sasa, Care, T series, Sahara, Dr. Det, Swastik, Ghadi, Henko, Genteel, Rin, Ujala, Vimal, Ranipal, Fena, Nirma, Fena, Octo, Sunlight, Dip
Swadeshi Pen and Pencil brands	Camel, Ambassador, Flair, Linc, Classmate, Montex, Kingson, Steek, Rotomac, Sangita, Sharp, Apsara, Cello, Camel, Natraj, Luxor, Wilson, Today
Swadeshi online shopping brands	Flipkart, Book my show, India Plaza, Myntra, YeBhi, Naaptol, Make my trip, Snapdeal, Yatra, Ibibo, Home shop 18, clear trip, Via.
Swadeshi Cold Drink brands	Rose drink (Sherbet), Yoghurt, Shakes, Godrej Jumpin, Kalimark Bovonto, Chaach, Real, Badam drink, Juice, Jaljeera, Lemonade, Thandai, Coconut water, Roohafza, Rasna, Frooti
Swadeshi soap brands	Himalaya, Wipro, Ayur herbal, Nyle, Kaya Kanti Aloe vera, Nirma, Park Avenue, Kesh Nikhar, Mysoor Sandal, Medimix, Fair glow, Jasmine, Cinthol, Neem, Kutir, Ganga, Sahara, Godrej, Hair and care, Santoor, Dabur Vatika, Himani glycerine, Bajaj, Kesh Kanti, Swastik
Swadeshi Blade brands	Topaz, Gallant, Supermax, Esquire, Laser, Premium, Silver prince.
Swadeshi Shaving cream brands	Park avenue, Emami, Premium,  V-John, Balsara, Nivea, Godrej
Swadeshi Talcum Powder brands	Santoor, Cinthol, Gokul, Boroplus, Cavin care products
Swadeshi Textile brands	Raymond, American swan, Reliance Retail, Siya ram, Gini and Jony, RmKV, Bombay Dyeing, Globus, S.Kumars, Madame, Globus, Mafatlal, Monte Carlo, Garden Vareli
Swadeshi Footwear and Polish brands	Paragon, Finix, Action, Lakhani, Wiring, Kiwi shoe polish, Flash, Billy Chavda, Carona, Khadims, Rexona, VKC pride, Lunar footwear, Relaxo Sparx, Red tape, Lotus, Liberty
Swadeshi Jeans and Tshirt  brands	Spykar, Arvind Denim, Mufti, Numero Uno, Flying Machine,  Killer, K-Lounge
Swadeshi child food brands	Amul, Sagar, Milk care, Tapan
Swadeshi Salt brands	Tata, Taaza, Ankur, Surya, Sindhav, Sundar, Taaza, Nirma, Catch, Saffola, Iron-45 Ankur, Tara
Swadeshi Ketchup and Jam brands	Priya, Everest, Priya, Cremica, Indiana, Smith and Jones, Rasna, Patanjali fruit jams, Tops
Swadeshi Water brands	Bisleri, Yes, Himalaya, Kingfisher, Catch, Ganga, Rail Neer
Swadeshi oil brands	Param, Postman, Sapan, Vanaspati, Shakti Bhog, Amul, Dhara, Parachute, Ramdev, Goverdhan, Rocket, Ashok, MDH, Ginni, Saffola, Everest, Sweekar, Kohinoor, Bedeker, Raj oil, Cornelia, Madhur, Rath, Sahkar, Mohan, Engine, Lijjat, Ankur oil, Umang, Gagan, Ganesh, Amrit, Maruti, Vijaya
Swadeshi Cosmetic brands	VLCC, Vicco, Cinthol, Elle 18, Boroplus, Glory, Shahnaz Hussain, Boroline, Velvet, Himalaya, Himani gold, Viviana, Nyle, Borosil, Hair and care, Lavender, Ayur, Heavens
Swadeshi Electronic brands	Videocon, Orpat, Usha, Voltas, Jayco, BPL, Oscar, Polar, Arise, IFB, Nelco, Anchor, Cool home, Wipro, Weston, Surya, Khetan, Onida, Upton, Orient, Everready, Salora, Keltron, Cinni, ET&T, Cosmic, Geep, Crompton, Nelco, Lloyds, Nirlep, Novino, Godrej, Bajaj, Blue star, Elite, Crown
Swadeshi Automobile brands	Tata, Maruti, Mahindra, Hindustan Motors, Ashok Leyland, Swaraj, Hero, Eicher